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Narration: Direct and Indirect Speech

General Rules of Narration (Direct and Indirect Speech) Narration means reporting the words spoken by a person. There are two ways of reporting someone's words: Direct Speech Indirect Speech 1. Direct Speech In Direct Speech , the exact words of the speaker are reported within quotation marks (“ ”). Example: Rahul said, “I am busy.” Here, the speaker's exact words “I am busy” are given. Elements of Direct Speech A sentence in Direct Speech generally has two parts: 1. Reporting Speech – the part that tells us who spoke and how they spoke . 2. Reported Speech – the exact words spoken by the speaker. Example: Rahul said, “I am busy.” Reporting Speech: Rahul said Reporting Verb: said Reported Speech: “I am busy.” Inverted Commas: “ ” Speaker: Rahul Common Reporting Verbs Purpose Common Reporting Verbs Statement said, told, replied, added Question asked, enquired, wanted to know Order ordered, commanded Request requested, begged, urged Advice advised, suggested Exclamation ...

Formal Letter Writing: Sample and Practice Questions

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  Formal Letter Writing: Format   Sender's Address Date Receiver's Designation Organisation/Office Name Address Subject: (One clear sentence) Sir/Madam, Introduction State the purpose of writing. Body Explain the issue or request clearly with relevant details. Conclusion Request appropriate action and thank the reader. Yours faithfully, Your Name Sample 1: Application for Leave 45, Shanti Nagar Bengaluru – 560001 12 July 20XX The Principal Green Valley Public School Bengaluru – 560001 Subject: Application for Three Days' Leave Sir, I am a student of Class X-A in your school. I am suffering from viral fever and my doctor has advised me to take complete rest for three days. Kindly grant me leave from 13 July to 15 July . I shall complete all the missed classwork after returning to school. I shall be grateful for your kind consideration. Yours faithfully, Rahul Sharma Sample 2: Complaint about Poor Sanitation 18, Lake View Colony Jaipur – 302001 20 August 20XX The Municipal C...

Informal Letter Sample and Questions

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Informal Letter Informal Letter Writing: Format Sender's Address Date Dear ________, Introduction State the purpose of the letter. Body Give details in one or two paragraphs. Conclusion End with warm wishes or expectations. Yours lovingly / Yours affectionately, Your Name

Notice Writing

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  Notice Writing Format Name of the Organisation/School NOTICE Date Title Body (40–60 words) Name Designation Sample 1: Tree Plantation Drive Green Valley Public School NOTICE 12 July 20XX Tree Plantation Drive The Eco Club is organizing a Tree Plantation Drive on 15 July 20XX at 8:30 a.m. in the school garden. Students of Classes IX and X are invited to participate. Bring a sapling and gardening gloves. Riya Sharma Secretary, Eco Club Sample 2: Debate Competition Sunrise Senior Secondary School NOTICE 18 August 20XX Inter-House Debate Competition Students interested in participating in the Inter-House Debate Competition on 25 August should register with the English Department by 20 August . The topic and rules will be shared after registration. Arjun Mehta Cultural Secretary Sample 3: Lost Water Bottle Bright Future School NOTICE 6 September 20XX Lost Water Bottle A blue stainless-steel water bottle was found near the school library on 5 September . The owner may collect it fro...

Message Writing – Sample and Practice

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  Message Writing – Sample and Practice Sample 1: Doctor's Appointment Question: You are Riya. Mr. Sharma called while your mother was away. He informed you that Dr. Mehta has rescheduled your mother's appointment to 5:00 p.m. tomorrow. Write a message for your mother. MESSAGE Date: 12 June 20XX Time: 11:30 a.m. Mom, Mr. Sharma called to inform you that Dr. Mehta has rescheduled your appointment to 5:00 p.m. tomorrow . Please remember to visit the clinic at the new time. – Riya Sample 2: School Meeting Question: You are Aman. Your class teacher called while your elder brother was out. She asked him to attend the Parent-Teacher Meeting on Saturday at 10:00 a.m. Write a message for your brother. MESSAGE Date: 18 July 20XX Time: 4:15 p.m. Dear Bhaiya, Our class teacher called and requested you to attend the Parent-Teacher Meeting on Saturday at 10:00 a.m. Please don't forget. – Aman Sample 3: Delivery Information Question: You are Neha. A courier executive called while yo...

NIOS English Writing Skills

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NIOS English Writing Skills Syllabus, Word Limits & Writing Guidelines The Writing Skills section in NIOS Secondary English assesses your ability to communicate effectively in everyday and academic situations. You should write clearly, logically, and appropriately for the given purpose and audience. 1. Message Writing Purpose To communicate important information briefly and clearly when the intended person is unavailable. Word Limit 30–50 words You Should Include Name of the person leaving the message Name of the receiver Date and time (if required) Important information Signature or name Tips Keep the message short and direct. Include only essential information. Use complete sentences where possible. 2. Notice Writing Purpose To inform a group of people about an event, meeting, competition, or announcement. Word Limit 40–60 words You Should Include Name of the organisation Title (NOTICE) Date Heading Main information (What, When, Where, Who) Signature and designation Tips Be brief...

Listening Activity Bank

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  Listening Activities Bank 1. Short Dialogues Objective: Develop listening for specific information and everyday communication. Teacher Instructions Introduce the topic by asking one or two simple questions. Play the dialogue once without interruption. Ask students to identify the main idea or setting. Play the dialogue a second time. Students complete a worksheet (multiple choice, True/False, matching, or gap-fill). Review the answers as a class. Ask pairs to role-play the dialogue or create a similar conversation. 2. News Reports Objective: Improve listening for key facts and summarising skills. Teacher Instructions Introduce important vocabulary before listening. Ask students to predict what they may hear based on the title. Play the news report once. Students note key details such as Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How. Play the recording again for confirmation. Conduct a brief class discussion. Students summarise the report in 3–5 sentences or present it orally. 3. Weather...